Pengaruh Investasi Asing Langsung dalam Meningkatkan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia di Indonesia

Abstract

Human development in Indonesia continues to face disparities across regional income groups. This study aims to analyze the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI), information and communication technology (ICT), and poverty on the Human Development Index (HDI) across high, middle, and low income provincial groups, as well as all provinces in Indonesia. This study uses secondary panel data covering the period from 2017 to 2023, obtained from Statistics Indonesia (BPS). The data are analyzed using panel data regression with a fixed effects model. The results show that FDI has a positive and statistically significant effect on HDI in high and middle income provincial groups and across all provinces in Indonesia. However, its positive effect is statistically insignificant in low income provinces. ICT has a positive and statistically significant effect on HDI across all provincial income groups. Meanwhile, poverty has a negative but statistically insignificant effect on HDI in high and middle income provinces, whereas its negative effect is statistically significant in low income provinces and across all provinces in Indonesia. Simultaneously, FDI, ICT, and poverty have a statistically significant effect on HDI across all provincial groups. These findings indicate that the effects of economic factors, technological development, and social conditions on human development vary according to regional income levels. Therefore, human development policies should focus on improving investment quality, ensuring equitable access to ICT and digital infrastructure, and reducing poverty in accordance with the specific characteristics of each region.