Pengaruh Kesetaraan Gender dan Kemiskinan Terhadap Ketimpangan Pendidikan di Indonesia

Abstract

Educational inequality in Indonesia is closely tied to socioeconomic conditions and uneven regional development. This study aims to analyze the independent and collective impacts of gender parity, poverty levels, government educational expenditure, per capita GRDP, and income inequality on educational disparities across Indonesia. Using a quantitative approach combining descriptive and associative designs, the study analyzes panel data from 34 provinces over 2020–2024 (170 observations), with total sampling. Educational inequality was measured using the Education Gini Coefficient, while gender equality was measured using the Gender Development Index, poverty using the percentage of the poor population, government expenditure using per capita education expenditure, GRDP using GRDP per capita, and income inequality using the Gini Ratio. Through REM shows poverty significantly worsens educational disparity, while gender equality and education expenditure act as significant equalizers. The effects of per capita GRDP, though negative, remain insignificant at a 5% margin, similar to the Gini Ratio which yields no substantial impact. Simultaneously, all independent variables significantly impact educational inequality, with an overall R-squared of 53.11%. The findings indicate that increasing gender equality and education expenditure, as well as reducing poverty, are associated with efforts to reduce educational inequality across provinces in Indonesia.