PENGARUH AKSES INFRASTRUKTUR DASAR TERHADAP KESEJAHTERAAN MASYARAKAT DI INDONESIA

Abstract

Human development remains uneven across Indonesia's provinces even as basic infrastructure expands. This study examines the effect of access to electricity, safe drinking water, health facilities, and transportation on the Human Development Index (HDI) in Indonesia, using panel data covering 34 provinces over 2019-2023 (170 observations). The estimation method used is the Fixed Effect Model (FEM), selected through the Chow and Hausman tests. The results show that electricity access and transportation access have a positive and significant effect on HDI; safe drinking water has a positive but not significant effect; and health facilities, proxied by the ratio of community health centers (puskesmas) per 100,000 population, have a negative and significant effect on HDI. Simultaneously, all independent variables significantly affect HDI, with an adjusted R² of 0.9506. These findings suggest that electrification and mobility infrastructure remain the most consistent drivers of human development across Indonesian provinces, while the health-facility ratio alone is an insufficient proxy for service quality.